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Jurnal Asep Setiawan

Jurnal Asep Setiawan

Category Archives: Commentary

Abu Sayyaf dalam Aksi di Asia Tenggara

01 Sunday May 2016

Posted by Setiawan in Commentary, Global Politics

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Abu Sayyaf, asia tenggara, politik

Sejak terjadi penyenderaan terhadap warga Indonesia khususnya 10 orang yang kemudian bertambah menjadi 14 orang, maka lanskap politik kawasan di Asia Tenggara telah berubah. Kelompok Abu Sayyaf yang berbasis di Filipina Selatan menjadi salah satu aktor non negara yang memainkan peran lebih besar di kawasan ini. Tidak hanya karena drama penculikan – yang berarti menguasai jalur laut penting – tetapi taktik penyanderaan yang menimbulkan tanda tanya.

Hari Minggu (1 Mei 2016) Abu Sayyaf dilaporkan membebaskan 10 sandera WNI. Jadi tinggal empat yang masih menjadi sandera.

Seorang sandera Kanada baru saja dieksekusi karena tidak ditebus. Tindakan ini menimbulkan keguncangan terhadap berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia. Dengan segala perhitungannya Indonesia masih menahan diri tidak melakukan aksi sendiri terutama sesudah empat orang WNI disandera oleh faksi yang berbeda di tubuh Abu Sayyaf.

Tentu pertanyaan besarnya adalah mengapa mereka menyandera sesama Muslim seperti dari Indonesia? Dalam konteks apa kebijakan mereka berubah ? Apa dampaknya terhadap kawasan Asia Tenggara terutama dari segi keamanan.

Ada dugaan bahwa kampanye negara Islam Suriah dan Irak yang dikenal dengan nama ISIS mengubah perilaku kelompok yang menginginkan negara Islam di Filipina Selatan. Tanda-tanda pengaruh ideologi ISIS terhadap Abu Sayyaf tampak dari dukungan kelompok ini terhadap ISIS. Ideologi ISIS tidak membedakan antara Muslim dan non Muslim. Sejauh ini ISIS hanya membedakan antara yang mendukung Khilafahnya dan yang tidak.
Mereka yang tidak mendukungnya dianggap musuh dan akan diperangi.

Prinsip ini terlihat misalnya dari pembunuhan terhadap umat Islam di Iraq dan Suriah. Mereka tidak mengenal istilah netral atau diam. Ketika tidak mendukung ideologi ISIS maka mereka akan diperangi.

Jika dikaitkan dengan penyanderaan Muslim Indonesia maka ideologi ISIS ini menjadi pembenaran. Dengan permintaan tebusan milyaran rupiah maka sandera dijadikan instrumen menggalang dana.

Sikap ini terjadi karena ISIS dianggap juga membenarkan langkah penyanderaan untuk mengumpulkan dana. Ketika ISIS menaklukan Irak utara, kilang minyak tetap berproduksi dan dijadikan pemasukan untuk memperbesar wilayah dan pengaruhnya.

Analisis bahwa ISIS bisa mengubah perilaku Abu Sayyaf akan memberikan dampak luas tidak hanya pada satu dua negara tetapi terhadap kawasan Asia Tenggara. Simpatisan ISIS di berbagai negara di Asia Tenggara mungkin terinspirasi langkah kelompok Abu Sayyaf.

Wajah Asia Tenggara setidaknya beberapa tahun ini tidak akan sama dengan sebelumnya. Kelompok Abu Sayyaf telah mengubah taktiknya untuk melakukan penyanderaan terhadap warga negara lain di luar Filipina. Jalur ekonomi sudah tersandera juga di sebagian wilayah Asia Tenggara, sementara keamanan maritim juga terancam. Ini merupakan tantangan negara kawasan untuk mengelola wilayah maritim lebih baik lagi. Setidaknya rasa aman harus dibangun kembali untuk keperluan ekonomi. ***

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ASEAN Members Diversity Need Dynamic Policies

14 Monday Mar 2016

Posted by Setiawan in asia tenggara, Asian Affairs, Commentary, Hubungan Internasional, Journal Articles

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ASEAN, asia tenggara, Awareness

ASEAN Members Diversity Need Dynamic Policies

By Asep Setiawan[1]

INTRODUCTION

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been in the region for more than 48 years. During that time ASEAN has achieved some of its goals and mission. ASEAN transforms from several members become ten members which cover all Southeast Asia region. Initial focus of ASEAN is on political stability and security. But later, ASEAN want to be the big family which helping each other in term of economic and social development.

At this stage of ASEAN enter community based policy, occur some problems which are not handled before. From several survey including by The ASEAN Secretariat, some skepticism raised, doubt even pessimism among ASEAN people. These perceptions might come from lack of knowledge about ASEAN.

The paper will address problem on lack of ASEAN awareness from two approaches. Firstly, there are diversities among ASEAN members in term of political system and stages of their development. Secondly, different situation of members ASEAN demand dynamic policies to get better result.

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

Commitment of ASEAN members to create environment that support their development in harmony has been in mind of founders. It was implication of situation that time such as Cold War in the World Politics and its confrontation among Southeast Asian countries. Members ASEAN seems do not want to involve on Superpower conflict and competition.

Not all Southeast Asian countries accept ASEAN mission when it was established. Sense of suspicious remains at that time so some of countries reluctant to join ASEAN.  ASEAN transform from five become ten members.

If we look closer on political system of members state and economic development there are gaps and differences. Based on democratic political system it is clear that ASEAN members have differences in their nature. That’s makes ASEAN unique.  Andreas Ufen (2007) presents table of democracy level in Southeast Asia.[2]

From table above it seems that member of ASEAN has certain variety in political life. That political system will influence level of awareness of ASEAN. Even if we look at economic development, make us clear that there are different levels of prosperity.[3]

DYNAMIC POLICIES

In order to achieve goals in socialization of ASEAN to grass root or at least to wider public in Southeast Asia there is need different policy for each members. For countries which classified as higher level of democracy, level of involvement public could be larger. Government here can be passive party but NGO and people get involve directly.

For some countries with different political system where government is dominant, different policies are applied. For example, government has responsibility to push socialization through government bodies.

And for some members where government is the only source of authority, campaign could be effective by certain ministry or high level officials.

SUMMARY

ASEAN approaches half century of it’s exist but policy to spread ASEAN ideas toward grass root becoming stronger when ASEAN enter community policy this year.

If we look at character of members ASEAN it is clear that the policies to increase awareness on unity of ASEAN should be done differently.

With different character and situation of every members of ASEAN, scale of priority is either different. Here, ASEAN need flexible and dynamic policies in order to make people of ASEAN aware the importance such regional organization that will help them.***

 

 

 

 

 

References

ADB and ILO, ASEAN community 2015: Managing integration for better jobs and shared prosperity Bangkok, Thailand: ILO and ADB, 2014.

Joshua Kurlantzick,ASEAN’s Future and Asian Integration. Council on Foreign Relations,  2012

Lunn, Jon and Gavin Thompson, Southeast Asia: A political and economic introduction. London, House of Commons, 2011

The ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint. Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, 2008.

Thompson, Eric C. and Chulanee Thiantha, Attitudes and Awareness toward ASEAN: Findings of a Ten Nation Survey. ASEAN Foundation, 2007.

Ufen, Andreas, Political Party and Party System Institutionalisation in Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand, GIGA Research Programme, 2007.

[1] Asep Setiawan is lecturer Department of Politics, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta

[2] Andreas Ufen, Political Party and Party System Institutionalisation in Southeast Asia: A Comparison of Indonesia, the Philippines,  and Thailand, GIGA Research Programme, 2007

[3] ADB, ASEAN community 2015: Managing integration for better jobs and shared prosperity Bangkok, Thailand: ILO and ADB, 2014.

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Foreign Policy:Theories, Actors, Cases

16 Sunday Jan 2011

Posted by Setiawan in Books, Books, Commentary

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Analysis, Book, Comenntary, Review

Foreign Policy

 

This major new textbook introduces students to the dynamic and evolving field of foreign policy. The book opens with a consideration of different theoretical and historical perspectives; it then focuses on a range of actors and the goals they seek to advance;

and it ends with a series of case studies involving issues and crises relating to a wide range of different countries Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases is timely given the growing significance of foreign policy in the post-9/11 world. It will be essential reading for all students new to foreign policy.

James Rosenau: Preface

Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield and Tim Dunne: Introduction

Section 1: Foreign Policy Analysis: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives1: Valerie Hudson: The History and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis2: William Wohlforth: Realism and Foreign Policy3: Michael Doyle: Liberalism and Foreign Policy4: Jeffrey Checkel: Constructivism and Foreign Policy

Section 2: Analysing Foreign Policy: Actors, Context and Goals5: Walter Carlsanes: Actors, Structures and Foreign Policy Analysis6: Janice Gross Stein: Foreign Policy Decision Making: Rational, Psychological, and Neurological Models7: Christopher Hill & Elisabetta Brighi: Implementation and Behaviour8: Piers Robinson: The Role of Media and Public Opinion9: Brian Schmidt: The Primacy of National Security10: Michael Mastanduno: Economic Statecraft11: Michael Barnett: Duties Beyond Borders

Section 3: Foreign Policy Case Studies12: Graham Allison: The Cuban Missile Crisis13: Lloyd Axworthy: Canada and Antipersonnel Landmines14: Yuen Foong Khong: Neoconservatism and the Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy15: Amrita Narlika: India and the World Trade Organisation16: Gareth Stansfield: Israeli-Egyptian (In)security: The Yom Kippur War17: Rosemary Foot: China and the Tian’anmen Bloodshed Of June 198918: Amelia Hadfield: Energy and Foreign Policy: EU-Russia Energy Dynamics19: Tim Dunne: Britain and the Gathering Storm over Iraq20: Lisbeth Aggestam: New Actors, New Foreign Policy: EU And EnlargementSteven L. Lamy:

Conclusion: Teaching Foreign Policy Case Studies

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